Introduction.Between electric cars, cell phones and laptops it seems as if batteries are everywhere.This is not going to change any time soon.Global electricity use is skyrocketing and smart phones, tablets and e-readers are all becoming more common.In addition, batteries are finding applications in energy storage as the renewable energy sector continues to grow.Engineers and scientist have developed many novel technologies to supply our storage needs, but none seems to have established itself as the ultimate technology.Flywheel, compressed air and thermal storage are all strong contenders for grid-scale storage while lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride batteries compete for portable electricity storage.What is all comes down to is that we still have not found an optimal way to store our electricity.This article will discuss the technology and potential of lithium batteries.Until the 1990s nickel-cadmium (NiCad) batteries were practically the only choice in rechargeable batteries.The major problem with these devices was that they had a high temperature coefficient.This meant that the cells' performance would plummet when they heated up.In addition, cadmium, one of the cell's main elements, is costly and environmentally unfriendly (it is also used in thin film panels).Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion emerged as competitors to NiCad in the 90s.Since then a mind numbing number of technologies have appeared on the market.Amongst these lithium-ion batteries stand out as a promising candidate for a wide range of uses.Lithium-ion cells have been used in hundreds of applications including electric cars, pacemakers, laptops and military microgrids.They are extremely low maintenance and energy dense.Unfortunately commercial lithium ion cells have some serious drawbacks.They are very expensive, fragile and have short lifespans in deep-cycle applications.The future of many budding technologies, including electric vehicles, depends on improvements in cell performance.Technology.A battery is an electrochemical device.This means that it converts chemical energy into electrical energy.Rechargeable batteries can convert in the opposite direction because they use reversible reactions.Every cell is composed of a positive electrode called a cathode and a negative electrode called an anode.The electrodes are placed in an electrolyte and connected via an external circuit that allows electron flow.Early lithium batteries were high temperature cells with molten lithium cathodes and molten sulfur anodes.Operating at around 400 degrees celcius, these thermal rechargeable batteries were first sold commercially in the 1980s.However, electrode containment proved a serious problem due to lithium's instability.In the end temperature issues, corrosion and improving ambient temperature batteries slowed the adoption of molten lithium-sulfur cells.Though this is still theoretically a very powerful battery, scientists found that trading some energy density for stability was necessary.This lead to lithium-ion technology.A lithium-ion battery generally has a graphitic carbon anode, which hosts Li+ ions, and a metal oxide cathode.The electrolyte consists of a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4) dissolved in an organic solvent such as ether.Since lithium would react very violently with water vapor the cell is always sealed.Also, to prevent a short circuit, the electrodes are separated by a porous materials that prevents physical contact.When the cell is charging, lithium ions intercalate between carbon molecules in the anode.Meanwhile at the cathode lithium ions and electrons are released.During discharge the opposite happens. Li ions leave the anode and travel to the cathode.Since the cell involves the flow of ions and electrons, the system must be both a good electrical and ionic conductor.Sony developed the first Li+ battery in 1990 which had a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and a carbon anode.Overall lithium ion cells have important benefits that have made them the leading choice in many applications.Lithium is the metal with both the lowest molar mass and the greatest electrochemical potential.This means that Li-ion batteries can have very high energy density.A typical lithium cell potential is 3.6V (lithium cobalt oxide-carbon).Also, they have a much lower self discharge rate at 5% than that of NiCad batteries which usually self discharge at 20%.In addition, these cells don't contain dangerous heavy metals such as cadmium and lead.Finally, Li+ batteries do not have any memory effects and do not need to refilled.This makes them low maintenance compared to other batteries.Unfortunately lithium ion technology has several restricting issues.First and foremost it is expensive.The average cost of a Li-ion cell is 40% higher than that of a NiCad cell.Also, these devices require a protection circuit to maintain discharge rates between 1C and 2C.This is the source of most static charge loss.In addition, though lithium ion batteries are powerful and stable, they have a lower theoretical charge density than other kinds of batteries.Therefore improvements of other technologies may make them obsolete.Finally, they have a much shorter cycle life and a longer charging time than NiCad batteries and are also very sensitive to high temperatures.These issues have sparked interest in other chemistries, such as lithium-air, lithium-polymer and lithium-iron.Since I do not have time to go through all these devices, we'll briefly look at lithium-air batteries.In these systems, Li is oxidized at the anode, releasing electrons that travel through an external circuit.Li+ ions then flow to the cathode where they reduce oxygen, forming the intermediary compound lithium peroxide.In theory, this allows for a truly reversible reaction to take place, improving the performance of lithium-air batteries in deep-cycle applications.However, much like Li+ cells, these batteries suffer from short lives.This is due to the formation of oxygen radicals that decompose the cell's organic electrolyte.Fortunately two lithium-air batteries developed independently in 2012 by Jung et al., a team of researchers from Rome and Seoul, and Peter Bruce, who led a group at St.Andrews, seem to have solved this problem.Both the groups' batteries underwent approximately 100 charging and discharging cycles without losing much of their capacity.Bruce's device lost only 5% capacity during tests.The batteries also have higher energy density than their lithium ion counterparts.This is a sign that the future of energy storage may reside with powerful, resilient lithium-air chemistry.However we will first have to overcome durability, cost and weight problems.Implementation.Though novel lithium battery chemistries are being developed and marketed, Li+ batteries remain near the top of the food chain for now.As we mentioned previously, this technology is often considered the first choice for electric vehicles and electronic devices due to its energy density.Tesla's Roadster contains no less than 6831 lithium ion batteries.Arranged into packs of 69, the cells are capable of taking the vehicle from 0 to 60 mph in just 3.9 seconds.Just in case you were wondering, 69 goes into 6831 exactly 99 times.Also, if you are reading this article on your laptop, it is likely that it is powered by a lithium cell.The major drawback to current Li batteries is their susceptibility to aging effects, especially when heated.You may have noticed that laptop and cell phone life deteriorates dramatically after a few years.This is largely due to aging.This issue has made the technology ill suited for backup and grid-scale power.Despite this, Li-ion batteries have competed for energy storage projects with alternative technologies such as thermal, flywheels and compressed air storage.Most of these installations have been in California.Silent Power's Li+ cells are being used to dampen power fluctuations in Sacramento and Greensmith has installed 1.5 megawatts of grid-balancing lithium-ion batteries throughout the state.In addition, AES Energy Storage has installed, or is in the process of installing, 76MW of Li+ battery capacity worldwide with 500MW in development.The main benefit of this technology is the fact that we understand it well and have the immediate resources for it to work.In large scale projects lithium-ion batteries have been most successful in sites where there are severe space restrictions or minimal maintenance capabilities.In the near future it seems as if lithium ion technology is set to continue to dominate many applications.Li+ batteries are a proven concept, unlike some other technologies that have remained cloistered in the lab.The possible emergence of electric vehicles and the booming demand for electronics will undoubtedly have positive effects on the industry.Unfortunately, all good things come to an end.Analysts forecast that the technology will lose some of its competitive edge once infant technologies such as aluminium-ion, zinc-bromine and lead-carbon come on the market.For example on the topic of lithium ion batteries in storage applications, Lux Research said the following.."Li-ion batteries developed for transportation applications are energy dense storage devices.Stationary storage projects rarely value this metric, resulting in wasted value for grid-tied Li- ion battery systems.Rapidly evolving technologies with equivalent or superior performance metrics and substantially lower costs and higher resource availability will take over the majority of the grid storage market in the coming years.".Though they are unlikely to be used in many grid scale storage projects, Li-ion batteries will certainly play a large role in our future.Their high cost will probably drop as the concept continues to mature and the devices become more widespread.A study by Mckinsey research found that 1/3 price reductions could be achieved through economies of scale alone.In any case lithium ion batteries are going to have to fight to keep the advantage they currently have.
Wednesday, August 29, 2012
An Introduction to Lithium Batteries
Introduction.Between electric cars, cell phones and laptops it seems as if batteries are everywhere.This is not going to change any time soon.Global electricity use is skyrocketing and smart phones, tablets and e-readers are all becoming more common.In addition, batteries are finding applications in energy storage as the renewable energy sector continues to grow.Engineers and scientist have developed many novel technologies to supply our storage needs, but none seems to have established itself as the ultimate technology.Flywheel, compressed air and thermal storage are all strong contenders for grid-scale storage while lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal-hydride batteries compete for portable electricity storage.What is all comes down to is that we still have not found an optimal way to store our electricity.This article will discuss the technology and potential of lithium batteries.Until the 1990s nickel-cadmium (NiCad) batteries were practically the only choice in rechargeable batteries.The major problem with these devices was that they had a high temperature coefficient.This meant that the cells' performance would plummet when they heated up.In addition, cadmium, one of the cell's main elements, is costly and environmentally unfriendly (it is also used in thin film panels).Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion emerged as competitors to NiCad in the 90s.Since then a mind numbing number of technologies have appeared on the market.Amongst these lithium-ion batteries stand out as a promising candidate for a wide range of uses.Lithium-ion cells have been used in hundreds of applications including electric cars, pacemakers, laptops and military microgrids.They are extremely low maintenance and energy dense.Unfortunately commercial lithium ion cells have some serious drawbacks.They are very expensive, fragile and have short lifespans in deep-cycle applications.The future of many budding technologies, including electric vehicles, depends on improvements in cell performance.Technology.A battery is an electrochemical device.This means that it converts chemical energy into electrical energy.Rechargeable batteries can convert in the opposite direction because they use reversible reactions.Every cell is composed of a positive electrode called a cathode and a negative electrode called an anode.The electrodes are placed in an electrolyte and connected via an external circuit that allows electron flow.Early lithium batteries were high temperature cells with molten lithium cathodes and molten sulfur anodes.Operating at around 400 degrees celcius, these thermal rechargeable batteries were first sold commercially in the 1980s.However, electrode containment proved a serious problem due to lithium's instability.In the end temperature issues, corrosion and improving ambient temperature batteries slowed the adoption of molten lithium-sulfur cells.Though this is still theoretically a very powerful battery, scientists found that trading some energy density for stability was necessary.This lead to lithium-ion technology.A lithium-ion battery generally has a graphitic carbon anode, which hosts Li+ ions, and a metal oxide cathode.The electrolyte consists of a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4) dissolved in an organic solvent such as ether.Since lithium would react very violently with water vapor the cell is always sealed.Also, to prevent a short circuit, the electrodes are separated by a porous materials that prevents physical contact.When the cell is charging, lithium ions intercalate between carbon molecules in the anode.Meanwhile at the cathode lithium ions and electrons are released.During discharge the opposite happens. Li ions leave the anode and travel to the cathode.Since the cell involves the flow of ions and electrons, the system must be both a good electrical and ionic conductor.Sony developed the first Li+ battery in 1990 which had a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and a carbon anode.Overall lithium ion cells have important benefits that have made them the leading choice in many applications.Lithium is the metal with both the lowest molar mass and the greatest electrochemical potential.This means that Li-ion batteries can have very high energy density.A typical lithium cell potential is 3.6V (lithium cobalt oxide-carbon).Also, they have a much lower self discharge rate at 5% than that of NiCad batteries which usually self discharge at 20%.In addition, these cells don't contain dangerous heavy metals such as cadmium and lead.Finally, Li+ batteries do not have any memory effects and do not need to refilled.This makes them low maintenance compared to other batteries.Unfortunately lithium ion technology has several restricting issues.First and foremost it is expensive.The average cost of a Li-ion cell is 40% higher than that of a NiCad cell.Also, these devices require a protection circuit to maintain discharge rates between 1C and 2C.This is the source of most static charge loss.In addition, though lithium ion batteries are powerful and stable, they have a lower theoretical charge density than other kinds of batteries.Therefore improvements of other technologies may make them obsolete.Finally, they have a much shorter cycle life and a longer charging time than NiCad batteries and are also very sensitive to high temperatures.These issues have sparked interest in other chemistries, such as lithium-air, lithium-polymer and lithium-iron.Since I do not have time to go through all these devices, we'll briefly look at lithium-air batteries.In these systems, Li is oxidized at the anode, releasing electrons that travel through an external circuit.Li+ ions then flow to the cathode where they reduce oxygen, forming the intermediary compound lithium peroxide.In theory, this allows for a truly reversible reaction to take place, improving the performance of lithium-air batteries in deep-cycle applications.However, much like Li+ cells, these batteries suffer from short lives.This is due to the formation of oxygen radicals that decompose the cell's organic electrolyte.Fortunately two lithium-air batteries developed independently in 2012 by Jung et al., a team of researchers from Rome and Seoul, and Peter Bruce, who led a group at St.Andrews, seem to have solved this problem.Both the groups' batteries underwent approximately 100 charging and discharging cycles without losing much of their capacity.Bruce's device lost only 5% capacity during tests.The batteries also have higher energy density than their lithium ion counterparts.This is a sign that the future of energy storage may reside with powerful, resilient lithium-air chemistry.However we will first have to overcome durability, cost and weight problems.Implementation.Though novel lithium battery chemistries are being developed and marketed, Li+ batteries remain near the top of the food chain for now.As we mentioned previously, this technology is often considered the first choice for electric vehicles and electronic devices due to its energy density.Tesla's Roadster contains no less than 6831 lithium ion batteries.Arranged into packs of 69, the cells are capable of taking the vehicle from 0 to 60 mph in just 3.9 seconds.Just in case you were wondering, 69 goes into 6831 exactly 99 times.Also, if you are reading this article on your laptop, it is likely that it is powered by a lithium cell.The major drawback to current Li batteries is their susceptibility to aging effects, especially when heated.You may have noticed that laptop and cell phone life deteriorates dramatically after a few years.This is largely due to aging.This issue has made the technology ill suited for backup and grid-scale power.Despite this, Li-ion batteries have competed for energy storage projects with alternative technologies such as thermal, flywheels and compressed air storage.Most of these installations have been in California.Silent Power's Li+ cells are being used to dampen power fluctuations in Sacramento and Greensmith has installed 1.5 megawatts of grid-balancing lithium-ion batteries throughout the state.In addition, AES Energy Storage has installed, or is in the process of installing, 76MW of Li+ battery capacity worldwide with 500MW in development.The main benefit of this technology is the fact that we understand it well and have the immediate resources for it to work.In large scale projects lithium-ion batteries have been most successful in sites where there are severe space restrictions or minimal maintenance capabilities.In the near future it seems as if lithium ion technology is set to continue to dominate many applications.Li+ batteries are a proven concept, unlike some other technologies that have remained cloistered in the lab.The possible emergence of electric vehicles and the booming demand for electronics will undoubtedly have positive effects on the industry.Unfortunately, all good things come to an end.Analysts forecast that the technology will lose some of its competitive edge once infant technologies such as aluminium-ion, zinc-bromine and lead-carbon come on the market.For example on the topic of lithium ion batteries in storage applications, Lux Research said the following.."Li-ion batteries developed for transportation applications are energy dense storage devices.Stationary storage projects rarely value this metric, resulting in wasted value for grid-tied Li- ion battery systems.Rapidly evolving technologies with equivalent or superior performance metrics and substantially lower costs and higher resource availability will take over the majority of the grid storage market in the coming years.".Though they are unlikely to be used in many grid scale storage projects, Li-ion batteries will certainly play a large role in our future.Their high cost will probably drop as the concept continues to mature and the devices become more widespread.A study by Mckinsey research found that 1/3 price reductions could be achieved through economies of scale alone.In any case lithium ion batteries are going to have to fight to keep the advantage they currently have.
Tuesday, August 28, 2012
The Awesome Benefits of Positive Thinking
Optimism is a state of mind.It can be achieved using different formula, but not all of us are very fortunate to attain this being.Sometimes, it takes a lot of tries before one can realize the importance of maintaining a positive outlook in life.Most of the time, we dwell on the drama and complications of our daily experience.The result is an unending thread of misfortunate events because of the negative vibes that we attract.In order to be awesome in all aspects of your humanity, you have to make sure that your mind and heart is in the proper condition.It means you are aware that you are thinking and feeling hale and hearty.If you can accomplish this, it will be a lot easier for you to acquire optimism.And once you get along with positive thinking, the good benefits will be endless.One of the awesome benefits of positive thinking is the development of one's resiliency.Being resilient is the unique capability to cope with any form difficulty.Resilience is best exhibited during and after a serious problem.A positive thinker will courageously face the trial and he or she will not be afraid to encounter stress and suffering.He or she will exhaust all the means and resources in order to resolve the troubles at hand.With a healthy mind and body, optimism helps a person to bounce back from adversity after dealing with the challenge.For instance, calamity victims who keep their hopes and faith because of positive thinking are proven to be more resilient than those who weep over the disaster.Furthermore, optimism makes a person awesome by ensuring his health and wellness.Another set of benefits of positive thinking includes a reduced amount of stress, lower rates of depression, improved immunity and less vulnerability to common sickness, and better stress management abilities.With all these beneficial effects, the lifespan of a positive thinker will be longer than those who are living in sheer negativity.Because of being so pessimistic, these people are more prone to cardiovascular ailments and psychological disorders.In order to have an increased physical well being, always think of positive thoughts.Being positive also entails success.Optimism fuels the mind and heart of anybody to continue the journey in pursuing his or her personal goals.Good fortune will also be closer to you if you are attracting good vibes.These benefits of positive thinking will surely give you more energy and more happiness.You will see that as you develop the positivity in mind and heart, you will eventually achieve greater strength and inner power.When you continue to be optimistic, life will definitely smile at you.
Development Through The Lifespan Best Price Development Through The Lifespan (5th Edition)
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› Be the first to review this item on Amazon.com Risk In Teenagers - Why Do They Take Work, Driving And Life Risks? Explanations Here
TO KEEP Generation Y'ers, employers must keep them safe and healthy at work as well as provide for work/life balance, and fun.This is a snapshot statement of how the present young generation think, generally.This has emanated from Gen Y's negative observations of how their baby boomer and Gen X parents suffered with job insecurity, dismissal, stress and high job dissatisfaction.Adolescence is arguably the toughest time of life.Getting used to becoming adult is usually a painful transition.Have you ever wondered why teens think and act the way they do? Why they have such a propensity for risk-taking, for instance.Some of the latest research is finding there are tangible, scientific reasons for this.There are answers coming to some of these questions through the field of psychology with focus on brain development through this part of the lifespan.This article seeks to uncover and de-mystify the issues of brain development of adolescents, so adult members of society (and parents) can at least understand and cater for these issues, providing young people the dignity and respect due them, and making the transition into adulthood as pain-free as possible.What follows this short article are a series of summarised points from research-backed psychological science as at 2006.(Source. Glendon, pp.137-150, with full reference details at end.).Remarks and Findings.Adolescents are usually better suited to late night shift work than mature adults, but are not so well suited to hazardous occupations where risk avoidance is essential as they can try to "reason" through the risk and can inadvertently be "bitten" by the hazard, in the process.The "higher road" of thinking is not well developed in adolescents so why do we expect them to reason, and analyse details well? They simply do not perceive and handle risks well.Careful, mature and sensitive supervision is critical.Teens are often frustrated when required to make decisions based on odds or risk, and tend to do "things" anyway.Adolescents require quality, close supervision and mentoring for specialised tasks.If this is not forthcoming, they will have accidents and injuries.Hormonal changes account for most of the brain development problems and must be managed, even into the mid- to late-twenties.Gender differences are marked-girls are between 4-6 years ahead of boys until the late 20s.This fact presents a myriad of relational problems between the sexes.Novelty seeking, sensation seeking and risk-taking behaviours in teens can all be explained by the way the brain develops-it is not just about personal choice.As far as driving is concerned, it is important to discourage young drivers from driving with more than one or two peers in the car at a time.With every extra adolescent passenger the risk of a crash is increased.Young male drivers' risks for crashing whilst taking sweeping bends are higher than all other age and gender groups.Parents are critical role models for their teenagers in regard to driving behaviour-particularly the same-gender parent.If a father behaves inappropriately on the road, the teen son is likely to repeat it.It is the same for mothers and daughters.In the working context, we mustn't give adolescents more than one thing do at a time; for most, complex work routines and procedures are a set-up for failure.More mature workers tend to set the tone for workplace culture and adolescents often simply conform to that culture.No matter how good the safety systems are, if the culture allows for adolescents to take risks, they will take them.It is easy to discount young people as being "careless and carefree," the truth is they can't do much about how they're "wired," and the development curve they're on.The fact that they can't employ effective thinking and decision-making regarding risk as well as adults needs to be sensitively addressed, because most teens are characteristically independent; they want to be treated as adults.As adults we should do as much as we reasonably can to keep them safe during the intermediary years, whilst respecting them in ways that shows value for their ever-increasing capacity to relate as an adult.© Steve J.Wickham, 2008.All rights reserved Worldwide.----------------.Bullet points of (referenced) summarised actual data..When young people are already engaging in one risk-taking behaviour, other risk-taking behaviours are more likely to follow.There are three levels of brain development.1) the corpus striatum or "reptilian brain," which is responsible for routine and instinct (movement); it develops earliest.2) The limbic brain is the "seat of emotions" (feeling) and develops next.3) Neocortex or cortex-which accounts for 80 percent of brain volume-is the last to mature and is involved in (thought) reasoning and complex "higher road" thinking.For this reason, McLean (1949) proposed three brain development "streams"-movement, feeling, and thought.[1].The cortex is the "executive filter" assisting the lower centres, and is used in discerning response."Limbic system circuits are relatively fixed and can powerfully affect our (thoughts) cognitions." (Glendon, 2006, p.139).The longer (but preferred) route of cognition is via the "higher road" or cortex.It's involved in more detailed, factual analysis of things, events and situations.The cerebellum (responsible for posture and movement) is the oldest part of the brain and continues to grow well into the late adolescence.[2].Young male drivers (17-19 years) have significantly more risk of crashing when negotiating a bend than male drivers of 30-39 years of age, and females of the same age.The hippocampus has connections with both limbic structures and neocortex has a vital "role in integrating emotion with cognition"-feeling and thought.(Glendon, 2006, p.139).Melatonin peaks later in the day for adolescents as compared with children and adults could explain why they prefer to go to bed later and wake later.This means teens and young adults probably cope better with shift work generally than do mature adults.Because the right ventral striatum is less active in adolescence, teenagers are more driven to risky behaviour because reward-seeking is suppressed, and not the motivator it could be i.E.The reward for staying safe.Teenagers are more frustrated by a decision-making gambling task ("probability matching") than children and adults because the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is not fully matured until the mid-20s.Young people might be able to "see" as well as adults but they cannot perceive risks as well because they've yet to develop the higher level (cortex) cognitive interpretive functions.Young people appear to engage in "extended reasoning" in risky situations which is paradoxically not good because it's a time when instincts should come into play.Adults are "more likely to create a mental image of possible [injurious] outcomes." (Glendon, 2006, p.141).Furthermore, the extended reasoning produces a longer response time, when a visceral response (gut reaction) would suffice.The brain changes anatomically in a marked way between the ages of 18 and 25, explaining in part why insurance companies have "under 25 clauses.".Gender differences in brain development are marked."Girls' brains develop faster than boys.The typical brain of a 17-year-old boy resembles that of an 11-year-old girl." (Glendon, 2006, p.142).Using another measure. brain myelination, there is a 3-4 year gender difference in favour of females.Using this measure, men's' brain development does not "catch up" to women's until the age of 29.Whilst there have been a number of cross-sectional studies done, there have been very few longitudinal studies[3] and there is a need for this to be addressed.Full brain maturity for both genders is said to be mid- to late-twenties; in the meantime, the "brain is being driven by hormonal changes" and behavioural safety issues due to this need to be managed.(Glendon, 2006, p.142)."Brain systems controlling arousal, emotional experiences and social information processing become much more active at puberty." This explains why we see "increases in novelty seeking, sensation seeking and risk-taking behaviours" in teenagers.(Glendon, 2006, p.143-44).Road crash data suggests that the risk of a crash increases with "each additional member of their peer group as a passenger." (Glendon, 2006, p.144).This means that parents should try and set a limit on their teens driving with only one or two peers in the car.Perhaps four or five teens in one car is asking for trouble?Peer pressure is still a significant issue for people until around age 25 due to frontal lobe immaturity.Multi-tasking functions are not perfected until young adulthood.Young drivers are even more susceptible to accidents when using mobile phones, CD players etc while driving than adults are.Adolescents should be given only one task at a time until it is shown they can cope with more."Preventing exposure to a hazard" is likely to be the best way to protect young people, workers and drivers.(Glendon, 2006, p.144).In other words, close attention should be paid to protecting, and providing for, the safety of young people in hazardous environments like roads.Supervision controls are appropriate and preferred.Parents are critical role models for their teenagers in regard to driving behaviour-particularly the same-gender parent.If a father behaves inappropriately on the road, the teen son is likely to repeat it.In the working context, more mature workers set the tone for workplace culture and adolescents often simply conform to that culture.No matter how good the safety systems are, if the culture allows for adolescents to take risks, they will take them.Key Reference..Glendon, I., Brain development during adolescence. some implications for risk-taking and injury liability, in Journal of Occupational Health and Safety. Australia and New Zealand, 2006, 22(2). 137-150.Footnotes..[1] Jones, Joseph M.(1995) Affects as Process. an Inquiry into the Centrality of Affect in the Psychological Life (Contributor Joseph D.Lichtenberg, 268 pages, The Analytic Press, Hillsdale, New Jersey and London) pp.62-63.[2] Goodburn, Elizabeth A., and Ross, David A.(1995)."A Picture of Health. A Review and Annotated Bibliography of the Health of Young People in Developing Countries." Published by the World Health Organization and UNICEF.The World Health Organization quantifies "adolescence" as from ages 10-19 years.[3] Longitudinal studies typically involve following a cohort group for 20-30 years, and are obviously rarer in research circles as compared with cross-sectional studies as it is hard to keep track of the same group of individuals for that length of time.
Why Is My Child Failing School?
In the last few weeks "why is my child failing school" has been a question asked by several parents.What set these parents apart was that they are foster or adoptive parents and are struggling to understand the academic challenges to their children of choice.Each reported that when they sit with the child, they can see that the child is competent to do the work, and in fact one father mentioned that ".He is so fast in getting this math, that I can't keep up on a calculator.Yet he is failing math" How frustrating for parents to see how really intelligent their children are, and yet not see that reflected in grades and school success.Part of the answer can be found in the early history of the children where developmental processes were interrupted or interfered with in such a way to create changes in emotional and perceptual behavior.Numerous studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well-being.Additionally it is clear that stress early in life can generate long-term brain patterns that impact perception, learning and memory as well as increased risk of adverse health conditions.Many of these patterns laid down in early life underscore many dysfunctions that affect health and quality of life throughout and individual's lifespan.Childhood maltreatment, neglect and chaotic living environments are linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and functions related to the stress responsive within human neurobiological systems.Clinical professionals have known for some time that children respond to trauma by using a variety of psychological mechanisms.However less attention is sometimes given to what is happening neurobiologically.Traumatic experiences can have a devastating impact on a child, altering their physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development.When explaining the process of how neurobiology might alter their child's performance academically to parents and other caregivers, it is sometimes easier to put the process into metaphor.If you are familiar with deserts that are frequently involved in draughts, you may find that the soil is constructed in such a way that light rains tend to rapidly seal the soil so that water runs into depressions and get collected rather than being immediately absorbed into the soil.This sets up an erosion path through the desert terrain that will be reinforced with successive rains.This is much like what happens to human beings as they have experience, neural pathways are created through synaptogenesis, and with each rain/new experience the pathway is strengthened or the rivulet is deepened.However occasionally, there are tremendous storms in the desert and so much rain falls that it overwhelms the riverlet's ability to move the water into the most ecologically useful ways.After this sort of storm, one will find deep eroded fishers carver into the soil which is not generally supportive of the ecosystem of the desert terrain.Using the above metaphor as a backdrop to explaining at least in part some of the challenges a child may face, might help those working with children to grasp some of what is happening.Imagine that slow and useful memory is like the regular rains, pathways are being built and memories are being collected in the most useful ways.When stress is overwhelming then it could be compared to the down pouring that creates deep and pervasive patterns that may not support the learning ecology best.For example, children raised in an early environment that is chaotic and unpredictable, where they are the custodian of their parents moods can create such deep crevices that it is difficult for them to be free of them.This kind of crevice might be what is called other directedness, which means that the child is so focused on what others want, demand and expect that their own preferences get lost.So what happens when they are no longer in this type of environment? For some the patterns persist even though the situation has changed, and they are so focused on others that they have difficult learning from their own experiences.This of course is just one possible answer to what these very delightful foster and adoptive parents are experiencing.Many of the childhood behaviors that can interfere with learning and memory can be related to early childhood maltreatment.There exists significant evidence that there is an increased risk of developing depression, social anxiety, difficulty establishing and maintaining long term friendships and other intimate relationships.That poor parenting and attachments exacerbates or adds to the likelihood of psychiatric disorders.Returning to the desert metaphor, Traumagenic environments in early childhood create these crevices of deeply implicit patterns, and subsequent rains are diverted from the original eco-friendly way of sustaining the environment.Systems that develop in the brain during infancy through the first years of life allow us to form and maintain emotional relationships, function effectively in our environments and learn to tolerate stress and distress.These early life experiences set the stage for learning effectively and integrating experience into the gestalt of daily life.Many times children removed from these traumagenic environments bring the deep crevices of their neurobiological experience with them.This is not a deficit on the part of the child but an intricate part of the person that they have developed into as a result of their early interactions and it is a reality of their life experiences.If we look at the other-focused child, they could be so over whelmed by the demands of not only their teacher but by every other person they wish to have contact with that attending ability is completely absorbed or so divided that they will likely not learn well without accommodation.Schools in general are not funded or organized in such a way to deal with the demands of children raised in traumagenic environments.Frustration on the part of caring families of foster and adoptive homes is not an uncommon experience because they come to genuinely love these children in most circumstances, and yet love is inadequate to create the change that is necessary to ameliorate or mediate the neurobiological foundations of how the child encodes and processes their experiences.It is like trying to terraform the desert landscape into a rain forest environment through love and concern.While well intentioned, likely not terribly effective.
Development Through The Lifespan Price Comparisons Invitation To The Life Span
Development Through The Lifespan See Invitation to the Life Span Details
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KATHLEEN STASSEN BERGER’s bestselling textbooks are un-matched for the engrossing, culturally inclusive way they communicate the essential science of human development. But that does not even begin to convey what the Berger experience is: What makes these bestselling textbooks so distinctive is the unmistakable presence of KATHLEEN STASSEN BERGER on every page, in writing that continually draws on the author’s teaching and family life to demonstrate a remarkable understanding not just of the field, but of students’ questions, their concerns, and their lives.
The distinctive, definitive BERGER touch is evident throughout her new textbook, Invitation to the Life Span. This brief, original, 15-chapter textbook was created from page 1 to address the challenges teachers and students face when covering the entire life span in a semester (or even a quarter!). The hallmark Berger qualities are all here—the relatable presentation of research, the inclusive approach to world cultures, the study help that builds critical thinking and observational skills, the outstanding media and supplements—and all held together with Berger’s skill in bringing students and the science together.
Invitation to the Life Span Reviews
Development Through The Lifespan : Invitation to the Life Span Reviews
| 13 of 13 people found the following review helpful  Broad Overview Text, Amazon Verified Purchase This review is from: Invitation to the Life Span (Loose Leaf) (Loose Leaf) This loose leaf version of the text is an amazing bargin. However, the publisher did not take into account how you would store the papers - the holes punched in it do NOT fit in a standard 3-ring binder, they are not spaced properly. This happened to every student in my course.The text provides an informative, easy-to-read introduction to developmental psychology. Some students found the numerous side notes to be a bit distracting while going through their chapters. 16 of 17 people found the following review helpful  invitation to the life span (LOOSE LEAF ED.), This review is from: Invitation to the Life Span (Loose Leaf) (Loose Leaf) The information in the book is great but that's the only thing that is. I bought this book thinking it was actually going to be as easy as just slipping it into my binder. to start off, the biggest fault in this is that it will not fit into a 3 ring binder. I'm not sure if in other countries they use different sized binders (cause its an international ed.) but it will not fit into any binder that i have seen. apart from that the pages are so cheaply made and it's aggravating enough that you cant flip through pages but its even more aggravating that when you do try to flip through pages the pages rip. It is quite frustrating and for 20 dollars more i would rather have saved myself the frustration and bought the softcover. Hope this helps anybody who is trying to save a buck. IT IS NOT WORTH IT BUY THE NORMAL BOOK!!! 2 of 2 people found the following review helpful  LOOSE LEAF GREAT DEAL!, Amazon Verified Purchase This review is from: Invitation to the Life Span (Loose Leaf) (Loose Leaf) got this book for my fall '11 semester.. holes that are punched fix perfectly in my binder.. and i am kind of squeezing it in my 1/2 inch binder.. i do think that since the papers fill up the book nicely than theres less of a chance of ripping because the punched holes dont have much place to slide..dont listen to that review saying dont get the loose leaf one.. i paid nearly half the price which is GREAT cause i hate spending 100 dollars a book that ill use only once. overall, great deal, good quality. |
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Ensure Your Future Career With Popular Psychology Programs Offered by Ashford University Online
Ashford University Online is among the topmost psychology colleges in Clinton, Iowa.It offers various fully accredited online psychology programs to those interested and is a privately run distance learning university established in the year 1918.Ashford University Online is home to more than 77000 students who are open to about 50 different degree programs.This University presents you with online psychology programs that are specifically planned to meet the needs of those who cannot attend regular on-campus classes.If you are seeking a way to get higher education in psychology Ashford University Online then is the best way through which you can carry out your academic goals.The various online psychology degrees which this university offers have been discussed below for your help.Online Psychology Programs.Ashford University Online is the perfect option for busy and working people.It presents the students interested in its online psychology programs complete convenience, affordability and acceleration if needed..Bachelor of Arts in Cognitive Studies.This degree program is designed for people wish to explore the reasons of cognitive delay among people and see to their needs.With the advancement in technology various new ways have been discovered through which the brain can be studied hence paving a new way towards success in this field.The important courses included in the Bachelors of Arts in Cognitive Studies program are..Introduction to Child Development.Reading & Cognition.Intro to Psychology.Human Learning & Development.Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly.Adult Development & Life Assessment.In order to pursue this degree program from Ashford University Online you need to have a high school diploma in hand from an accredited institute and should be at least 22 years or older.Students need to have a total of 120 credit hours to complete this degree program.Bachelors of Arts in Psychology.The Bachelors of Arts in Psychology Degree offered at Ashford University Online examines the roots of human behavior and emotion.This degree program studies the impact behavior has on a business environment and usually is pursued by people who look to seek managerial and administrative positions.The major courses which you need to while seeking this degree includes..Social Psychology.Intro to Psychology.Research Methods.Statistics for the Behavioral & Social Sciences.Abnormal Psychology.Applied Project.The prerequisites for this degree program are the same as the above mentioned degree program.Bachelor of Arts in Applied Behavioral Science.This degree program studies and offers solution for people, families and community issues.It tends to understand the different behavior of human beings and also solves various social issues.Many people seeking online degrees in psychology are attracted towards this program as it gives them the opportunity to pursue future careers as counselors; human services representatives, law enforcers, consumer scientists etc.The important courses which are included in this degree offered at Ashford University Online are..Introduction to Applied Behavioral Sciences.Communication Theory.Lifespan Development.Community Organizing & Development.Leadership & Ethics in a Changing World.
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